A simple addition to a tissue model lets cells break apart under force.

Scientists often study tissue mechanics using vertex models, which treat cells as tightly packed geometric shapes. However, standard models assume cells never pull apart, so they cannot show how tissues tear. To fix this, researchers created a new mathematical step called a T2-inverseT2-inverseA new topological change that splits a vertex into multiple ones, creating a gap. transition. In this setup, when pulling forces on a single cell corner become unbalanced and pass a specific threshold, that corner splits into multiple vertices. This split opens up a new closed polygon called a pseudo-cell, which represents a gap between cells. By running simulations of stretching cell sheets, the team found that these tiny local detachments can build up and lead to full tissue rupture. This lets researchers model physical tissue tearing.

Why it matters

This helps researchers study how tissues detach and tear, which is important for understanding biological processes like wound healing or tissue damage. It extends a common model to describe events that were previously hard to simulate.

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